I have been working for IBJ as Rwanda Office Coordinator since March, but it was not until August that I decided to visit a prison.

When I arrived at the main gate the first thing the guards asked me for was my identification. They also asked if I was a lawyer. Later, I spoke with one of the lawyers who had come to visit a prisoner, and she told me that all lawyers are allowed to enter freely into the prison except on Fridays.

I often see prisoners doing community work around town in pink and orange uniforms but I was amazed to find out what each colour meant. Prisoners in orange are already serving their sentence. Those in pink are either waiting to be given a trial date or waiting for the judgment. This was insightful to learn.

Some prisoners were playing but some looked devastated and sick, with no medical attention.

There were a lot of activities going on in the prison. Some prisoners were digging and building things. I asked some prisoners how they eat and who cooks for them, and I learned that they have regular meals such as breakfast, lunch and supper. Fellow prisoners take turns cooking in shifts. It was quite impressive to see them working together.

I learned that many of the prisoners are deeply religious. One of the prisoners who I was able to talk to told me that many detainees have become “saved” since they have been in prison. There is a Mosque and a church in the prison; and from time to time Sheik and Pastors come in to preach.

As I walked around the prison, I learned that some prisoners don’t live together. There are blocks for young children under 18 years and another block for adults. When it comes to women who were imprisoned when they were pregnant, they give birth in the prison and live with their new born baby until the child is around 5 years old. Then the child is taken to the mothers’ relatives; and if she does not have a family the kid is taken to an orphanage.

From this quick visit it seems like prisoners get regular meals, some prisoners are employed, but it is true that some facilities are being under looked like medication for prisoners and women who live with their kids until they are 5 years old.

On Friday, August 27th, twenty-two lawyers met at the Kigali Defender Resource Center to discuss ways in which they can create momentum in the legal aid community in Rwanda. This core group of volunteer lawyers comprises the Rwanda Legal Defense Task Force. They are dedicated to affecting systematic change in the Rwandan justice system and legal community. They enjoyed breakfast and tea while discussing the way forward.

The task force was challenged to address three critical questions; and broke into three separate groups to come up with answers. The first session involved defining the role of a volunteer lawyer. Patrick Pratt, an intern with IBJ in Rwanda, initiated the discussion of volunteerism with an account of his volunteer experiences throughout life. “To be a volunteer means to serve a cause higher than oneself; with the expectation that there will be little or no material benefit in return. Volunteerism means personal sacrifice for the public good.”

A Criminal Defense Task Force Focus Group discusses how the lawyer community in Rwanda can promote systemic change

Keeping with this theme, the first group addressed he challenges of volunteerism in the legal aid community in Rwanda. Though there is a sense of need, the fact remains that resources are needed to carry out the sometimes expensive process of representing clients. They concluded that advocacy and cooperation among lawyers is the best way to mobilize funds to carry this out. This also includes making visits to prisons and police stations to educate penal officials about the need for legal representation for the criminally-accused. All agreed that in order to facilitate volunteer activities, IBJ could help by providing support facilities such as research center and office equipment.

The second group of lawyers tackled the conceptual problem of defining an ideal legal aid system in Rwanda. The group seemed to reveal more problems than concrete solutions. They pointed to the lack of an overarching legal aid policy, and the corresponding lack of financial allocations in the national budget, to be the biggest obstacles towards systematizing legal aid in Rwanda. For example, the Rwandan Criminal Procedure provides that all Juveniles shall be represented by counsel at trial, and they cannot undergo trial in court without legal representation. However, there are no funds to enforce the law. The discussion group also pointed to the tendency of legal aid to be viewed as charity, rather than a legal right supported by public resources. They also acknowledged the need for public awareness about fundamental legal rights; as well as a more thorough understanding among “among local authorities, police, opinion leaders, community members, and [even] paralegals” of the right to legal representation. Though the problems confronting the establishment of a legal aid system in Rwanda are many, the discussion initiated by the task force signals a promising start.

The third group discussed the issue of each lawyer’s personal contribution, as well as that of the community of lawyers, to realizing solutions to the legal aid deficit in Rwanda. Suggestions for possible personal contributions include a commitment to rendering pro-bono legal services at least once a month or according to availability. This includes offering legal services at the prosecution level in prisons. There is also a need to personally advocate for the right to legal aid when interacting with other justice sector actors. This advocacy also extends to the national level; wherein a community of lawyers must collectively advocate for policy change; as well as engage the public to inform citizens of their legal rights. The ever-present issue of resources to support legal aid may be addressed in part by advocating for public funding, and for contributions of nongovernment entities and individuals. This includes personal financial contributions of lawyers themselves in some cases.

IBJ Fellow John Bosco Bugingo reviews the recommendations of the Criminal Defense Task Force

The common thread that bound all of these discussions was the issue of capacity. Resources are needed to affect any significant change in the legal aid system in Rwanda. Suggestions for capacity-building initiatives included an increased number and frequency of criminal defense training for lawyers, and a better-equipped Defender Resource Center at the IBJ office. Also, lawyers expressed the need to visit many locations in Rwanda, including prisons and detention centers, to gain a more accurate picture of the scope of problems facing the legal aid community. Without this information, it would be difficult to formulate an appropriate response to such pressing issues.

The issues which were discussed - and the corresponding problems and solutions - are the very things which IBJ is working to resolve. IBJ hopes to continue to address these concerns with public awareness campaigns, support for legal aid, and close cooperation with the Ministry of Justice to create a national policy framework for legal aid. Of course it will take the sustained cooperation of dedicated lawyers in the legal aid community, as well as the governing institutions of Rwanda.

As the lawyers finished their morning tea, and concluded the discussion, there was a residual sense of optimism. Many of them stayed long after the meeting to collaborate with fellow lawyers on workable solutions. Though the work confronting the legal aid community seems daunting, articulating such concerns creates a more accurate picture of the problem. This of course will require the continued engagement of the Task Force. Hard work now means that one day such serious conversation will not interfere with a good breakfast.

There is sometimes a blurred line between being the author of a criminal act or a victim of unjust circumstances. It takes a perceptive and compassionate legal professional to distinguish between the two. For Mary Katushabe, a Rwandese defense lawyer, the ability to separate a criminal act from an act of desperation is a natural instinct. In countries in which certain fundamental legal norms, such as the presumption of innocence, are not fully internalized, a defender with Mary’s talent is rare.

Mary has been practicing law for less than two years. She has attended two Legal Defense and Human Rights training events hosted by the IBJ Rwanda Program. She has been outspoken in both, never fearing to initiate a debate when judicial expediency is valued over human rights concerns. She has agreed to volunteer with IBJ, and has already taken many cases. It is the dedication of people like Mary that make the work of IBJ possible.

Above: Mary Katushabe - IBJ Rwanda Legal Defender (Photo by Patrick Pratt)

In July, Mary took the case of a young lady, an orphan, who has been accused of infanticide. The young girl, whom we will refer to as Hope, had been taken in by a family after both of her parents died. She fled the household after repeated mistreatment by the adoptive father. After leaving, Hope learned that she was pregnant. She had few people to whom she could turn. Upon approaching the boy whom she claims impregnated her, he denied his involvement in the conception. Prenatal or maternal care for most young girls in such dire situations is widely unavailable in Rwanda. Coupled with poor living conditions and insufficient nutrition, the incidence of miscarriage or premature birth among young girls is high. Young, uneducated, and destitute, Hope had few good options.

To secure a livelihood and stable housing, many young girls in Rwanda undertake domestic work. Hope took employment with another household, yet over time became too weak to perform her duties. She describes the mistreatment she received from the father of the household as worse than she received at her previous residence.

One day, Hope went to the toilet room thinking that she was experiencing digestive pains. As soon as she positioned over the toilet basin, the baby began to come out. Hope claims that when she realized this, she tried to stand up and go outside. In the process, the baby somehow exited and fell into a bucket of water in the toilet room. The baby died, and Hope was arrested shortly thereafter.

The initial charge levied against Hope was abortion. This was later changed to infanticide. Hope has been imprisoned since April, 2008; and made her first court appearance in June, 2010. Mary has taken the case as an IBJ volunteer.

The story of Hope is one of choice and circumstance. She was in one of the most desperate situations in which any young girl can find herself: She has no family, no means, and was then in a situation which would have brought another life into the same circumstances. Hope could depend on no one, and then found herself in the position of having another life dependent upon her. The story of Hope represents the difficult choices people must make and the difficult circumstances with which they must deal.

Above: Mary and her peers at the 2009 IBJ/KBA legal defense training in Kigali. (Photo by Jesse Blaisdell)

Whether the death of the newborn was accidental or intentional, there is no justice as long as Hope is kept behind bars, voiceless, without a trial for two years. Mary is committed to ensuring that people such as Hope are afforded due process under Rwandan Law. And as long as such cases keep justice out of reach of the vulnerable and destitute IBJ will offer its unconditional support to dedicated defenders such as Mary Katushabe.

Very often, lawyers feel isolated - and overwhelmed by their responsibility of people’s fundamental freedom. Bringing them together helps build the movement for legal rights in their country and around the world. The global movement for legal rights will be given a kick-start over the coming weeks, as IBJ Asia and Africa Fellows gather for a 10-day Summit in Singapore, where IBJ has recently laid the foundations of the Justice Training Center.

From August 8^th to August 14^th, eight IBJ Country Fellows from Burundi, Cambodia, China, India, Rwanda and Zimbabwe will meet to discuss a path towards their ideal of justice, receive training in criminal defense and learn from each other’s experience. The Fellows will be invited to explore their personal stories, reflect upon their motivations for pursuing a legal career and imagine an ideal justice system in their country, beyond the discouraging circumstances they sometimes face. They will then receive motivational training in legal techniques, including case strategy development and trial advocacy. These sessions will equip the Fellows with the leadership qualities they need to organize the legal community in their countries and achieve their vision for justice. Experienced Singaporean defense attorneys will engage in discussions with the Fellows to share insights about their role in the criminal justice process and their ways to overcome challenges.

Above: Bonding moments between the Fellows and IBJ Staff last year at the Fellows Summit (Photo by Sanjeewa Liyanage)

  The Country Fellows will be joined in their discussions by the eleven 2010 Asia JusticeMakers Fellows from Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. The JusticeMakers will give short presentations on their projects, including the challenges they face and their strategies for achieving their project objectives. The intensive, six day event will include cross-disciplinary training in areas including criminal defence skills, leadership, public speaking and negotiation skills, giving them the opportunity to strengthen the skills that will be vital to the success of their projects. Additionally, the JusticeMakers fellows will participate in sessions on fundraising, fostering motivation and harnessing volunteer resources, to arm them with the tools they need to achieve their long-term visions for criminal justice. The JusticeMakers will also be hosted by the International Relations Committee of the Law Society of Singapore, who will lead a discussion on ‘The Work of International Bridges to Justice in Developing Countries’ with the participation of Philip Jeyaretnam, one the 2010 Asia JusticeMakers Competition Judges.

Above: One of the 2010 JusticeMakers, Rasul Jafarov from Azerbaijan (center), holds a press conference to announce the start of his project which aims to educate prisoners on their right to counsel and early release.

August 12^th will mark the official welcome of the 2010 Asia JusticeMakers into IBJ Fellows Community. For the occasion, the Singaporean legal, business and diplomatic community is invited to attend a gala which will be hosted the same evening.

On July 2nd and 3rd, more than sixty Rwandese defense attorneys gathered in Kigali to attend an IBJ training event- the second of its kind- hosted by the IBJ Rwanda Program. The curriculum emphasized criminal defense practices, with particular emphasis on early access to justice. The event was organized with the generous assistance of the Kigali Bar Association.

IBJ International Program Director Sanjeewa Liyanage and IBJ Rwanda Fellow John Bosco Bugingo invited participants to discuss constructively the current state of the Rwandan judicial and penal systems. The two facilitated discussion about how best to engage judicial actors and institutions in Rwanda to work collaboratively on these and other challenges. Participants in the training grappled with fundamental legal issues such as the presumption of innocence and the credibility of witness testimony. These exercises are intended to develop skills to address the problems of pre-trial treatment of the criminally accused in Rwanda. The training event is intended to bolster the capacity of the legal professional community to cope with these and other pressing issues. It is hoped that these practices will ultimately prevent further unnecessary prison congestion.

Attorneys Stephanie Slattery of the U.S. and Anita Mugeni of Rwanda volunteered their time to conduct training exercises. Stephanie traveled all the way from San Diego, California to demonstrate legal techniques in case analysis and cross-examination. The nature of the Rwandan legal system – based on civil law – tends to leave lawyers at the mercy of judges and the accused at the mercy of law enforcement. The current deliberate transition toward common law in Rwanda necessitates the kind of skills among lawyers that this training provides. The pair engaged participants in critical thinking exercises in hopes to strengthen the ability of lawyers to represent tough cases. Such cases currently leave defendants in Rwandan prison without adequate representation.

One anonymous public defender laments “many of the judges - even in the high courts – do not understand the concept of innocence. As far as [presumption of innocence is] concerned, it is very clear in our laws. However, the problem is implementation.” He suggests that it is the responsibility of dedicated lawyers to challenge the institutions in Rwanda to uphold the law.

Sanjeewa Liyanage and John Bosco Bugingo conducted several exercises which challenged attendees to engage in abstract thinking. Participants were invited to explore their personal stories, and their fundamental motivations for pursuing a legal career. Also, they were requested to form models of what the Rwandan legal system could become within the next twenty years if given adequate resources. These “visioning exercises” are intended to allow the lawyers to imagine what is possible in the Rwandan legal system beyond its current state. The lawyers present engaged in serious discussion about the future of the country’s judicial institutions and they were, for the most part, optimistic.

The event was covered by the local media, and received recognition in Rwanda’s most circulated newspaper. Sanjeewa and John Bosco gave an interview in which they detailed the mission of IBJ and its current operation in Rwanda. With growing attention to the work of IBJ in Rwanda, the challenges of Rwanda’s legal and penal system will hopefully become a matter of serious public discussion.

Upon completion of the two-day training, the president of the Kigali Bar Association, Me. Vincent Karangwa, attended to offer his thanks to IBJ and to wish the participants success. He addressed the youthful crowd; many of whom are newly-minted lawyers. Karangwa, on the other hand, is in his final year of service to the Bar, and will retire before the next training session. As he prepares to leave the legal profession, he is hopeful that the next generation of lawyers will be able to successfully address the challenges which lay ahead for Rwanda. As long as they are up to the task, IBJ will be there to assist.

On Thursday, June 24th, the IBJ-Rwanda Defense Resource Center (DRC) settled into its new headquarters in Remera - a bustling corner of eastern Kigali. This opening arrives a week ahead of the 48th anniversary of Rwanda’s independence; and ten days before Rwanda’s Liberation Day - a mere 16 years ago. Though these are significant milestones for a country which has overcome unimaginable obstacles, IBJ Rwanda Fellow John Bosco Bugingo knows there is still much work to be done if Rwanda is to reach its potential.

Since its inception, the IBJ Rwanda Program was housed at the firm of the IBJ Country Fellow, Bugingo - “JB” to those who know him -with the patient acquiescence of his partners. The office kept long hours, as he transitioned seamlessly between the roles of public defender and IBJ Fellow.

The opening of the DRC is a significant achievement, and represents one of four components of the IBJ-Rwanda program. The purpose of the DRC is to provide a forum for public defenders to access legal resources, prepare cases, and seek advisement from IBJ criminal defense experts. The DRC is funded with a grant from the National Endowment for Democracy (NED).

The IBJ-Rwanda program also includes provisions for a criminal defense task force, which in partnership with the Kigali Bar Association and the Ministry of Justice, seeks to improve Rwanda’s legal aid capacity. Before opening the DRC, IBJ-Rwanda successfully conducted the first of many national campaigns intended to educate the citizenry of their basic legal rights. Also, the program seeks to create a core of well-trained defense lawyers through a series of special training events - the second of which occurs on July 2nd and 3rd. These are ambitious projects, which the opening of the IBJ-Rwanda Headquarters and DRC is intended to facilitate.

As the nation prepares to celebrate during the upcoming holidays, the IBJ-Rwanda staff, volunteers, and associates are continuing to pursue their mandate: to fundamentally change defense practices in Rwanda to ensure that the legal system benefits its citizens. Though less monumental than Rwanda’s Independence and Liberation Day Commemorations, the opening of the Kigali DRC is surely also worth celebrating.

Above: Building in Remera, Kigali which houses IBJ-Rwanda DRC. (Photo by Hadijah Batamuriza)

Above: Rwanda Country Fellow John Bosco Bugingo (right) and DRC Coordinator Hadijah Batamuriza (left) (Photo by Patrick Pratt)

Above: Patrick Pratt - IBJ Rwanda intern, summer 2010 (Photo by Hadijah Batamuriza)

IBJ is pleased to announce that a legal defense training and judicial community roundtable discussion will be conducted in early July 2010 in Kigali with the support of the Kigali Bar Association.

On July 2nd and 3rd, Rwandan defense attorneys will join the Kigali Bar Association (KBA) and International Bridges to Justice (IBJ) at the Laico Hotel in Kigali for a two-day legal skills development training. The training hopes to equip them with the skills and confidence they need to mount vigorous defenses of indigent accused. In tandem with Anita Mugeni, a trainer from the KBA, Stephanie Slattery, a Public Defender in San Diego, will urge Rwandan lawyers to come up with strategies to tackle the challenge of prolonged pre-trial detention in Rwanda. More than 25% of Rwandan detainees are awaiting trial and, some of them have been waiting for 15 years with no lawyer, no expected date of trial, and limited access to family, food and medical assistance.

The training will also equip Rwandan lawyers with basic trial techniques from the common law system, as, with the gradual integration of Rwanda in the East Africa Community, Rwandan lawyers will get the opportunity to represent clients in adversarial justice systems like in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Rwandan lawyers will try their hand at cross-examination during simulation exercises.

On July 2nd, a judicial community roundtable will bring lawyers, prosecutors, judges and police officers together on a path towards proposing concrete solutions to improve prison overcrowding.

Above: A participant from last year’s Rwanda Training sharing his views on early access to counsel. (Photo by Jesse Blaisdell)

Above: A Rwandan trainee receiving the Rwanda Criminal Defense Manual. (Photo by Jesse Blaisdell)

Rwanda. It was at the centre of IBJ’s preoccupations since 2006. And yet, the lack of resources impeded IBJ to move from successful rights awareness campaigns and legal defense training to a more systematic approach of supporting the Ministry of Justice, the Kigali Bar Association and the legal community as a whole in building an effective legal aid system. The time has now come.

Thanks to the support of the National Endowment Democracy (NED), IBJ is launching a pilot legal aid project in Rwanda with the goal to assist the Kigali Bar Association and Ministry of Justice to ensure systematic access to justice for all Rwandans. Led by the dynamic and entrepreneurial John Bosco Bugingo who is now officially IBJ Rwanda Fellow, the project will commence with the establishment of a Defender Resource Centre (DRC) in Kigali. Strategically located in the capital city, the centre will operate as a legal aid centre where families of accused persons can seek legal advice. The DRC is also collegial space where defense lawyers can work, prepare their cases, and meet with clients and witnesses. Printed and electronical legal resources and materials will be stocked there to ensure lawyers have continuous access to learning opportunities.

Above: IBJ’s DRC is about to be established in one of Kigali’s blossoming streets. (Photo by Sanjeewa Liyanage)

The 2009 legal defense training generated a lot of interest from Rwandan lawyers. Many asked how they could be involved with IBJ in the reform of the justice system. Building on this momentum, IBJ is establishing a core group of volunteer lawyers, strategically located in each of the country’s five provinces, who will provide committed and competent counsel to vulnerable Rwandese lost within the justice system. These lawyers, along with a group of younger lawyers, will be trained intensively in the summer 2010 in collaboration with the Kigali Bar Association.

Above: Making sure that defense lawyers have continuous access to legal resources is a priority. (Photo by Sanjeewa Liyanage)

The volunteer lawyers will join forces with other dynamic and committed legal professionals in a Criminal Defense Task Force. This collaborative platform will meet three times a year to discuss the state of legal aid in Rwanda, obstacles to the protection of defendants’ rights, potential solutions to those obstacles, and means of implementation. The Task Force will work generating concrete solutions to practical problems of access to counsel and raising the profile of democratic criminal defense in Rwanda more generally.

Above: John Bosco Bugingo, IBJ Rwanda Fellow (left), presenting the “Know your Rights” poster with a peer at the Kigali Bar Association Annual Meeting in 2008 (Photo by Whitney Price).

Ultimately, the hope is to support the Ministry of Justice’s comprehensive legal aid strategy to ensure universal access to justice in Rwanda. IBJ is now one step closer. Cheers to NED!

Above: IBJ will continue working with the Kigali Bar Association and the Ministry of Justice to promote universal access to justice in Rwanda. (Photo by Sanjeewa Liyanage)

On November 27th and 28th, IBJ Burundi Fellow - Astère Muyango - and IBJ Rwanda Fellow - John Bosco Bugingo - attended the 14th East Africa Law Society (EALS) Annual General Meeting in Kigali. The event was co-sponsored by our local partner in Rwanda, the Kigali Bar Association, and opened by the President of the Republic of Rwanda himself, Honor. Paul Kagamé.

The conference brought hundreds of lawyers from the Law Society of Kenya, the Tanganyika Law Society, the Uganda Law Society, the Zanzibar Law Society, the Kigali Bar Association and the Burundi Bar Association together on a path of reforming the legal aid system across the region. The progressive integration of all five East African countries demands the harmonization of practices and procedures across the region.

While the first day of the conference was dedicated to business law and economic integration, the second day focused on the role lawyers can play in promoting the advancement of human rights and access to legal aid across the region. Each country introduced its legal aid system, highlighting the specific challenges to universal access to legal counsel.

Herbert Rubasha, a member of IBJ’s Rwanda Country Advisory Council, presented his paper on access to legal aid in Rwanda. He was echoed by representatives of the Uganda Law Society, the Burundi Bar Association, the Zanzibar Law Society and the Tanganyika Law Society. They all stressed the urgent need for a State-sponsored system which ensures timely access to counsel for all citizens, regardless of the crime they are suspected of having committed.

Burundi’s situation is particularly alarming: as opposed to the other East African countries whose law societies bear the burden of legal aid, the sporadic legal assistance provided in Burundi is exclusively manned by non-governmental organizations and a handful of young passionate lawyers, who take on their own time and resources to protect their fellows’ legal rights.

Astère and Bosco kept abreast of the latest regional innovations. They also built connections with senior members of other countries’ bar associations. Dr Fauz Twaib, the President of the Tanganyika Law Society, and member of the EALS Executive Council, Bruce Kyerere, President of the Uganda Law Society and member of the EALS Executive Council, and other key members of the EALS Executive Council  all expressed a desire to work with IBJ to promote systematic access to legal counsel across the region. Don Deya, the CEO of the EALS, displayed a particular interest in IBJ’s idea of a regional training hub in Kenya. Relationships have also been initiated with other African countries’ bar associations, in particular the Law Society of Zambia and Ghana Bar Association.

Above: Bosco (left), IBJ Rwanda Fellow and Astère (right), IBJ Burundi Fellow pausing together during a break.

Above: Astère (left) and Bruce Kyerere, the Uganda Law Society President (Photo by John Bosco Bugingo)

Above: Astère (right) with Dr. Fauz Twaib, the Tanzania Law Society President (Photo by John Bosco Bugingo)

Above: Astère and the President of the Ghana Bar Association (Photo by John Bosco Bugingo)

Above: The recipients of Awards at the 14th East Africa Law Society Annual General Meeting (Photo by Astère Muyango)

Under the leadership of IBJ Rwanda fellow, John Bosco Bugingo, IBJ has conducted last Sunday 22nd November its third radio rights awareness program on Contact FM. The President of the Kigali Bar Association, Me Vincent Karangwa, honored once more the program with his presence. He was accompanied by Me Isaac Bizumunemyi, a dedicated human rights lawyer that IBJ had the pleasure to meet last summer at the 1st Legal Defense Training in Kigali.

Above: Lawyers Isaac Bizumunemyi (left) and Herbert Rubasha (right) (Photo by John Bosco Bugingo)

Above: The President of the Kigali Bar Association (left) and IBJ Rwanda Fellow (right) (Photo by Herbet Rubasha)

The topics of provisional detention and release under Rwandan criminal Law, the principle of presumption of innocence, legally acceptable detentions, reasons for provisional detention and release, law of evidence and bail were discussed in a constructive atmosphere.

The show created momentum among listeners: many people called and sent SMS to get clarifications on concepts that they are unfamiliar with. One of them asked what the minimum age of criminal responsibility was. Another asked what steps should be taken when someone has been unlawfully detained. From the many comments, questions and messages of encouragement received, it appears clearly that the program answers needs and a curiosity that have remained unmet until now.

The next program is scheduled for Sunday 29th November 2009. Stay tuned for updates!

Above: Herbert Rubasha (left), member of IBJ Rwanda Advisory Council and John Bosco Bugingo (right) (Photo by Isaac Bizumunemyi)